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the database buffer, systems store such data in shared memory In addition to processes that handle queries, there are system processes that carry out tasks such as lock and log management and checkpointing Data server systems supply raw data to clients Such systems strive to minimize communication between clients and servers by caching data and locks at the clients Parallel database systems use similar optimizations Parallel database systems consist of multiple processors and multiple disks connected by a fast interconnection network Speedup measures how much we can increase processing speed by increasing parallelism, for a single transaction Scaleup measures how well we can handle an increased number of transactions by increasing parallelism Interference, skew, and start up costs act as barriers to getting ideal speedup and scaleup Parallel database architectures include the shared-memory, shared-disk, shared-nothing, and hierarchical architectures These architectures have different tradeoffs of scalability versus communication speed A distributed database is a collection of partially independent databases that (ideally) share a common schema, and coordinate processing of transactions that access nonlocal data The processors communicate with one another through a communication network that handles routing and connection strategies Principally, there are two types of communication networks: local-area networks and wide-area networks Local-area networks connect nodes that are distributed over small geographical areas, such as a single building or a few adjacent buildings Wide-area networks connect nodes spread over a large geographical area The Internet is the most extensively used wide-area network today Storage-area networks are a special type of local-area network designed to provide fast interconnection between large banks of storage devices and multiple computers

$9,000 x 100 = 36% $250,000

Default This icon is displayed in green and is the end node that specifies a prelogin policy named Default By default CSD assigns this profile to every remote PC that attempts a VPN session, if you enable Cisco Secure Desktop You can add prelogin checks to this policy or any other prelogin policy to specify criteria to match before CSD assigns the policy to a remote user s session

Centralized systems Server systems Coarse-granularity parallelism Fine-granularity parallelism Database process structure Mutual exclusion Thread Server processes Lock manager process Database writer process Log writer process Checkpoint process Process monitor process Client server systems Transaction-server

Adding a Prelogin Policy To add a policy, click the plus icon, the circle with a plus sign within it; you ll be presented with a drop-down selector where you can choose the type of prelogin assessment that will be performed In the example in Figure 27-24, an OS check policy was added, where only Windows 2000, XP, and Vista are allowed The plus icon was clicked again, where the policy chosen was IP Address Check The Add button was clicked, displaying the range or subnet of addresses that are allowed You can see that the IP Address Check policy was added in Figure 27-24 When you are done with your prelogin policy assessments, click the Apply All button

The McGraw Hill Companies, 2001

When you click the Secure Desktop Manager | Default option in the left pane for Remote Access VPN, you can choose to install the Secure Desktop or Cache Cleaner (see Figure 27-25) The former has preference, but it if can t be installed, then Cache Cleaner is installed (Remember that Secure Desktop is only available on Windows 2000 and later platforms) Configuring Keystroke Logging and Host Emulation The keystroke logging and host emulation check are disabled by default To enable these checks, under the Remote Access VPN tab go to Secure Desktop Manager | Default | Keystroke Logger & Safety Checks (see Figure 27-26) When you enable keystroke logging, you can define a list of programs/modules that are exempted

Query-server Data server Prefetching De-escalation Data caching Cache coherency Lock caching Call back Parallel systems Throughput Response time Speedup Linear speedup Sublinear speedup Scaleup Linear scaleup Sublinear scaleup Batch scaleup Transaction scaleup Startup costs Interference Skew Interconnection networks

Bus Mesh Hypercube Parallel database architectures Shared memory Shared disk (clusters) Shared nothing Hierarchical Fault tolerance Distributed virtual-memory Nonuniform memory architecture (NUMA) Distributed systems Distributed database Sites (nodes) Local transaction Global transaction Local autonomy Multidatabase systems Network types Local-area networks (LAN) Wide-area networks (WAN) Storage-area network (SAN)

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181 Why is it relatively easy to port a database from a single processor machine to a multiprocessor machine if individual queries need not be parallelized 182 Transaction server architectures are popular for client-server relational databases, where transactions are short On the other hand, data server architectures are popular for client-server object-oriented database systems, where transactions are expected to be relatively long Give two reasons why data servers may be popular for object-oriented databases but not for relational databases 183 Instead of storing shared structures in shared memory, an alternative architecture would be to store them in the local memory of a special process, and access the shared data by interprocess communication with the process What would be the drawback of such an architecture 184 In typical client server systems the server machine is much more powerful than the clients; that is, its processor is faster, it may have multiple processors, and it has more memory and disk capacity Consider instead a scenario

Multiplier To calculate the multiplier, determine the percent available for each percent of gross margin achieved: The take-away multiplier for below-target performance: